I have always struggled with how packages are versioned and published to the npm registry.
My main concern is that you probably want to also add a git tag to your source code when you are releasing a new version, but npm packages have their own versioning system, and include a &quot;version&quot; field in the package.json
Because of this, most of the workflows I have seen, usually involve:
<ol>
<li>Running <code>npm version ...</code>. This will update the &quot;version&quot; field in the package.json file.</li>
<li>Publishing the package to the npm registry, using the version set in previous step.</li>
<li>Committing to git, so that we track the change in package.json file.</li>
<li>Adding a git tag.</li>
<li>Pushing to git remote to track new commit and new tag.</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
Steps 3 and 4 are frequently done automatically as part of <code>npm version</code>.
</blockquote>
For me this flow has two main problems:
<ul>
<li>
My personal preference is that everything is driven by git tags, making them the single source of truth.
This would allow to just have one manual step -&gt; <code>git tag -a v1.0.0 -m &quot;...&quot; &amp;&amp; git push origin --tags</code>. Then, this would trigger a number of potential automations, including publishing to the npm registry, but also others like creating a release with the appropriate release notes, building release artifacts, etc.
</li>
<li>
The &quot;version&quot; field in the package.json file can very easily become outdated, if you git-tag by mistake before publishing the package, or if pushing the changes fails after <code>npm version ...</code> has been run.
I&#x27;ve seen this happening more often than it seems.
</li>
</ul>
Because of this, my current take when publishing npm packages for my personal projects is:
<ol>
<li>
Get rid of the &quot;version&quot; field from the package.json file. It&#x27;s misleading in source code, as it can very easily be out of date.
The only case where it&#x27;s useful is when the package has been installed and is inside node_modules, as other packages will assume this field to exist and have the right value on it.
In this case it&#x27;s always going to be correct due to the<code>npm version ...</code> + <code>npm publish</code> tandem (see next point).
</li>
<li>
Creating the git tag is the only &quot;manual step&quot;. This triggers an automation running <code>npm version ${GIT_TAG} --git-tag-version=false &amp;&amp; npm publish</code> (this is simplified. You probably also need to build your project and other potential extra steps).
The version to publish is inferred from the git tag (<code>${GIT_TAG}</code> is just a placeholder), and only at this stage we will set the &quot;version&quot; inside package.json, just before the package is published.
</li>
<li>
Other automations that need to happen during releases, can be also triggered now, like publishing release notes, building artifacts, etc.
</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
As an example, you can see <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://github.com/shlinkio/github-actions/blob/24de7a2b89a9eb11b0acfd184de7187698b051b6/.github/workflows/js-lib-publish.yml">this GitHub actions workflow</a>, which follows this approach.
</blockquote>

I have always struggled with how packages are versioned and published to the npm registry. My main concern is that you probably want to also add a git tag to your source code when you are releasing a new version, but npm packages have their own versioning system, and include a "version" field in…

My current take when publishing packages to the npm registry

A couple of weeks ago I migrated a React project using redux to <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://redux-toolkit.js.org/">Redux Toolkit</a>.
Redux has always been my preferred state management tool for React (which doesn&#x27;t mean I &quot;love&quot; it), but one of its main problems is the amount of boilerplate code it requires.
Because of that I had a couple of helper functions, but there was still some things not properly handled, like proper type inference on reducers and actions (I use TypeScript).
A bit by accident (I think it was on Twitter), I found out about Redux Toolkit (RTK from now on), an official library from the redux team, which provides some opinionated helpers to reduce the amount of boilerplate, and I decided to give it a chance.
These are my impressions.
<h3>TL;DR</h3>
I first started to use it in a proof of concept, and I quickly loved it.
RTK does not &quot;replace&quot; any of the redux principles, so you can progressively adopt it, by replacing small bits of code. My plan was to use it just for some reducers, but I liked it so much that I ended up migrating the whole project in a series of consecutive pull requests.
<h3>A bit of context</h3>
Before the migration, I used to follow the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://github.com/erikras/ducks-modular-redux">ducks modular pattern</a>, which promotes putting all your action types, action creators and the reducer handling those actions on the same module.
This fits pretty well with RTK, as in most of the cases you will use <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://redux-toolkit.js.org/api/createSlice">slices</a>, and end up exporting the reducer and action creators returned by it, from the same module.
If you use <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://redux-toolkit.js.org/api/createAsyncThunk">async thunks</a>, they usually need to be used by that same slice, so it&#x27;s not a bad idea to export them also from there.
<h3>Why I love it</h3>
There are a couple of reasons for which I loved RTK right away. The main one is that they make an impressive work on making type inference in TypeScript work properly.
<ul>
<li>Slices detect the type of the initial state in order to know what is expected to be passed as <code>state</code> to reducers.</li>
<li>You can infer the type of your store from what is generated by <code>configureStore</code> or <code>combineReducers</code> functions, allowing you to also properly type the <code>dispatch</code> function.</li>
<li>Action creators are generated with the proper param types based on the reducers provided to <code>createSlice</code> or the callback provided to <code>createAsyncThunk</code>.</li>
<li><code>createSlice</code> can consume all the action creators generated by <code>createAsyncThunk</code>, and infer the proper payload for each one of them.</li>
</ul>
Thanks to this, the code is super predictable and potential bugs can be caught sooner.
<blockquote>
More details on how to use RTK with typescript https://redux-toolkit.js.org/usage/usage-with-typescript
</blockquote>
But this is not the only benefit. Other reasons that make it very nice to work with are:
<ul>
<li>It keeps the same concepts from Redux, but removing the boilerplate or your own helper functions if you have them (yes, I didn&#x27;t want to keep all those <code>switch</code> statements everywhere).</li>
<li>It is mostly transparent for the components dispatching the actions or consuming the state.</li>
<li>All the tests covering your reducers/actions/components should keep passing, as the outcome from RTK is the same as if you built everything manually.</li>
<li>It introduces a couple of extra helpers, like <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://redux-toolkit.js.org/rtk-query/overview">RTK query</a> or the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://redux-toolkit.js.org/api/createListenerMiddleware">listener middleware</a>, which is very useful to dispatch actions as a result of other actions being dispatched.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges I found</h3>
Of course, adopting a new tool always comes with some challenges.
The main &quot;problem&quot; I found is that RTK is a bit opinionated, but that&#x27;s precisely how they manage to reduce boilerplate code, and it&#x27;s also &quot;advertised&quot; in their website, so not a big surprise.
I usually prefer to be in control of everything (configuration over convention), but that&#x27;s just a personal preference, and sometimes it&#x27;s ok to accept a bit of magic for the sake of simplicity.
This caused the next challenges for my particular case:
<ul>
<li>
RTK assumes your project follows a strict <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://redux.js.org/tutorials/fundamentals/part-7-standard-patterns#flux-standard-actions">Flux pattern</a>, meaning your actions always have the properties <code>type</code>, <code>payload</code> and optionally <code>meta</code> and <code>error</code>.
I was not following this pattern (my actions had the payload &quot;mixed&quot; on the first object level), so I had to adapt all my actions first, fix the tests, then migrate the reducer to RTK and make sure the tests kept passing.
<div></div>
</li>
<li>
Immutability is no longer promoted in reducers. Instead, the library requires <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://immerjs.github.io/immer/">immer</a> internally, and using proxies they automatically ensure immutability, even if you &quot;mutate&quot; the state.
This feels a bit counterintuitive at first, because redux always promoted an immutable approach, and the use of immer is not obvious.
However, they have <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://redux-toolkit.js.org/usage/immer-reducers#why-immer-is-built-in">good reasons</a> to do it, and if your reducers return a state object, you can still use the immutable approach. It&#x27;s up to you.
<div></div>
</li>
<li>
Action creators resulting of <code>createAsyncThunk</code> can only have one argument.
This is because the async thunk callback receives a second argument containing the <code>dispatch</code> and <code>getState</code> functions, as well as a couple of other goodies, enforcing this convention to avoid human errors.
<div></div>
</li>
<li>
You cannot dispatch other actions after the callback passed to <code>createAsyncThunk</code>, because it has to return the payload and RTK dispatches the action for you.
However, this is probably something you usually should not be doing, and in my case, I resolved it with the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://redux-toolkit.js.org/api/createListenerMiddleware">listener middleware</a>, listening for the second action in order to dispatch the second one.
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
My conclusion is that RTK is definitely worth it if you use redux.
It makes code simpler, more predictable and better typed. However, it still requires knowing how redux works internally and what are its patterns, in order to understand why the library exposes the helpers it exposes and why.
For existing redux projects, you can migrate progressively, addressing the challenges bit by bit and not all at once, which simplifies its adoption.
For new projects in which you want to use redux, I would recommend starting right away with RTK.

A couple of weeks ago I migrated a React project using redux to Redux Toolkit. Redux has always been my preferred state management tool for React (which doesn't mean I "love" it), but one of its main problems is the amount of boilerplate code it requires.

Because of that I had a couple of helper…

My experience migrating to Redux Toolkit (RTK)

In 2019, GitHub published their own solution to run automated workflows called GitHub Actions, which allowed those hosting their code in GitHub, to be able to define and run their CI/CD pipelines in the same platform. When it was released, one of the main pain points to use it was that defining…

How to reduce duplication in your GitHub Actions workflows

Recently ReactJS v18 was released. I started to look into its improvements, and checked which of my projects could benefit from them.
The main react-based project I maintain at the moment of writing this article is <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://github.com/shlinkio/shlink-web-client">shlink-web-client</a>, so I naturally created a new branch and started the process.
The update was quite smooth, as most of the other dependencies I was using from the react ecosystem were already updated to support v18. All but one, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://enzymejs.github.io/enzyme/">enzyme</a>, the testing framework I was using to unit-test react components.
To be precise, I was able to continue running my tests, but some of them (those using <code>mount</code> instead of <code>shallow</code>) were still rendering components with the &quot;old&quot; React v17 approach, causing them to behave as in that version and a warning being printed in the console.
<h3>First fix attempt</h3>
The way enzyme integrates with the react version you are using is through an adapter library. The last official one supports only React v16, but someone released an <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://github.com/wojtekmaj/enzyme-adapter-react-17">unofficial adapter for v17</a> which, with close to 650k weekly downloads, quickly became the way to go.
I checked if there was one for React 18, but sadly there wasn&#x27;t.
Also, the author of the adapter for v17 posted an article indicating <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://dev.to/wojtekmaj/enzyme-is-dead-now-what-ekl">enzyme is dead</a>, he was not going to release one for v18, and publishing one for v17 was a mistake.
With those facts in mind, I started to face what was probably going to be the moment to migrate to <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://testing-library.com/docs/react-testing-library/intro">react testing library</a>.
<h3>Migration strategy</h3>
I decided to follow a migration strategy similar to the one suggested in the article above, but with a couple of modifications:
<ul>
<li>I update to React 18 anyway, as tests still pass.</li>
<li>Migrate right away all tests using <code>mount</code>, as those are the ones behaving differently.</li>
<li>New tests should be written directly with react testing library (RTL from now on).</li>
<li>When an existing test needs to be changed, consider migrating it to RTL, and do it if there&#x27;s time.</li>
<li>Introduce some PR from time to time just migrating a handful of tests.</li>
<li>Once everything is migrated, get rid of everything related with enzyme.</li>
</ul>
<h3>First contact and impressions</h3>
I was a bit sceptical with RTL, as it was focused more on integration tests, instead of unit tests, which meant I had to completely change the mindset to write tests.
It also didn&#x27;t support shallow rendering, meaning that you will end up sometimes rendering a bigger component tree when testing container-like components, potentially causing side effects that could affect your test.
On the other hand there&#x27;s more and more people stating that <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://kentcdodds.com/blog/why-i-never-use-shallow-rendering">shallow rendering is an anti-pattern</a>, and that&#x27;s probably the reason of enzyme getting &quot;discontinued&quot;.
Also, RTL has become the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://reactjs.org/docs/testing.html#tools">officially recommended framework</a> to test react components, it has become very popular, and it has even joined a wider group of testing libraries under the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://testing-library.com/"><code>@testing-library</code></a> organization.
The thing is that I started to use it, and I was quickly surprised with how it felt to work with it, and all the benefits it was bringing to my tests.
<h3>Benefits I have experienced</h3>
Once I started migrating the first tests I noticed some benefits:
<ul>
<li>Changing my mindset was actually easier than I thought. The docs are very well written, so it&#x27;s relatively easy to start using RTL.</li>
<li>My tests got simpler, and required less of those nasty global mocks that jest allows (I&#x27;m looking at you, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://jestjs.io/es-ES/docs/mock-functions#mocking-modules"><code>jest.mock</code></a>).</li>
<li>Tests were way less coupled with implementation details. I moved from testing the component props, to test what the user would see on the screen.</li>
<li>Related with previous point, I started to write my tests by looking at the screen instead of the component&#x27;s implementation.</li>
<li>Changes in source code led to fewer tests requiring to be changed.</li>
<li>A progressive migration was possible, where some tests still use enzyme and others are already using RTL.</li>
</ul>
And overall, it felt good and I have already dedicated a couple of PRs just to migrate more tests.
<h3>Challenges I faced</h3>
But of course, migrating to a new tool always comes with its own challenges, and this was not an exception. I&#x27;ll explain the main ones I have faced so far and how I tackled them:
<ul>
<li>
RTL lets you do some things in a couple of different ways, and the docs may not be super clear about what&#x27;s the recommended option.
For this I recommend reading <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://acel.me/DCMb1">this article</a> from Kent C. Dodds, RTL&#x27;s author, which explains some common mistakes when using the library.
</li>
<li>
At first, I struggled a bit with asynchronous side effects and state changes in components, which can easily end up printing a warning like <code>Warning: An update to MyComponent inside a test was not wrapped in act</code>.
The warning also explains how you are supposed to solve this by wrapping your code in <code>act()</code>, but this warning comes from React, not RTL, and what it is not telling you is that RTL already wraps all needed operations in <code>act()</code>.
What this error usually mean is that you are not waiting for something to happen. <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://acel.me/jnUdT">This other article</a>, also from Kent C. Dodds, explains everything you need to know about the things that can lead to this warning, and how to solve them.
</li>
<li>
Since you start testing from the user point of view, some use cases can be challenging to test without coupling with implementation details. For example, when you have a component which dynamically renders different images or icons, I used to directly check the component properties.
For this I found the best solution was to use <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://jestjs.io/docs/snapshot-testing">jest snapshots</a>. I didn&#x27;t want to manually check which SVG was being rendered in the DOM, just that different ones were being used in every case.
<pre class="language-tsx"><code class="language-tsx">// I went from this...
test(&#x27;...&#x27;, () =&gt; {
 const wrapper = shallow(&lt;MyComp dynamicValue=&quot;foo&quot; /&gt;);
 expect(wrapper.find(FontAwesomeIcon).prop(&#x27;icon&#x27;)).toEqual(someIcon);
})

// To this
test(&#x27;...&#x27;, () =&gt; {
 const { container } = render(&lt;MyComp dynamicValue=&quot;foo&quot; /&gt;);
 expect(container.firstChild).toMatchSnapshot();
})
</code></pre>
</li>
<li>
Something very similar happens if you use some library that renders canvas. There&#x27;s no way to test that from a DOM point of view, which is what RTL does.
In my case I was using <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.chartjs.org/">Chart.js</a> to render some charts, so I used <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://github.com/hustcc/jest-canvas-mock">jest-canvas-mock</a>, which exposes a method on the canvas to see which are all the events invoked from the library.
Then I used snapshots again to verify they had the expected &quot;shape&quot;.
<pre class="language-tsx"><code class="language-tsx">// I went from this...
test(&#x27;...&#x27;, () =&gt; {
 const wrapper = shallow(&lt;MyCompWithCanvas /&gt;);
 expect(wrapper.find(Chart).prop(&#x27;data&#x27;).datasets).toEqual(...);
})

// To this
test(&#x27;...&#x27;, () =&gt; {
 const { container } = render(&lt;MyCompWithCanvas /&gt;);
 const events = container.querySelector(&#x27;canvas&#x27;)?.getContext(&#x27;2d&#x27;)?.__getEvents();

 expect(events).toBeTruthy();
 expect(events).toMatchSnapshot();
})
</code></pre>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
For better or worst, enzyme should no longer be considered an option. If you are starting a new project or are using it on small ones, consider migrating to RTL as soon as possible.
If you are using it in bigger projects, following the process described in this article will probably help you.
In any case, you will get surprised. React testing library is a great tool and provides many benefits over enzyme.
Its main issue is that it&#x27;s not a drop-in replacement for enzyme, so you will have to change a bit your mindset.

Recently ReactJS v18 was released. I started to look into its improvements, and checked which of my projects could benefit from them. The main react-based project I maintain at the moment of writing this article is shlink-web-client, so I naturally created a new branch and started the process.

The…

My experience migrating from enzyme to react testing library

Capturing code coverage for a test suite is a very useful way to know which parts of your source code are actually getting executed by tests. This is useful not only to know if you need to add more tests to your project (in case the coverage is too low), but also, if you want to apply technics like…

Capturing remote code coverage in API tests with PHPUnit

I have written a lot of posts about Zend Framework in general and Zend Expressive in particular, but I have noticed that I have never talked about one of the things that, from my point of view, makes Expressive so game-changing, Interoperability.
<h3>Some context</h3>
In the past, PHP frameworks used to be very big libraries, which tried to provide solutions to any possible problem in order to retain users.
At that time, you had to decide which framework you wanted to use, by weighing pros and cons. People ended up saying &quot;I prefer framework foo, because it has a better templating system&quot;, &quot;ok, but framework bar has a better performance and its dependency injection approach is delightful&quot;.
It wasn&#x27;t easy to pick the best part of each framework (or the parts you liked the most) and be able to use them in the same project. You couldn&#x27;t just take the templating system from foo and make it work with the dependency injection approach from bar.
Because of this, the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.php-fig.org/">PHP Framework Interop Group</a> was born (PHP-FIG from now on). Its goal was to define standard recommendations that frameworks and libraries could adhere to.
At some point this would mean that frameworks would use compatible APIs in their different components and people would be able to easily change one specific component by another.
<h3>Expressive&#x27;s interoperability</h3>
Mostly all frameworks which are part of the PHP-FIG have more or less adopted these standard recommendations. If you have been working with PHP in the last 3-4 years, you know it is now much easier to &quot;mix&quot; libraries and frameworks in the same project.
However, the one which has been capable of making interoperability part of its essence is <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://docs.zendframework.com/zend-expressive/">Zend Expressive</a> (probably because it was born in that period and interoperability was one of its main design goals).
Expressive itself does not provide solutions to almost anything. Instead, it relies in a series of interfaces and abstractions in order to get everything working.
Some of those abstractions are PHP Standard Recommendations (PSRs) from the PHP-FIG.
<ul>
<li>It is a middleware-based framework, so it expects your middlewares and actions (request handlers) to implement <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.php-fig.org/psr/psr-15/">PSR-15</a> interfaces. This way, your own code is not coupled with Expressive at all.</li>
<li>In order to dispatch this middlewares they use a middleware dispatcher, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://docs.zendframework.com/zend-stratigility/">Zend Stratigility</a> in this case, which also implements PSR-15&#x27;s request handler interface.</li>
<li>It is also a web framework, so it needs to dispatch HTTP requests. For this, it expects you to include a library implementing <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.php-fig.org/psr/psr-7/">PSR-7</a>. They provide one implementation, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://docs.zendframework.com/zend-diactoros/">Zend Diactoros</a>, but you can use whatever you want.</li>
<li>Expressive promotes Dependency Injection, so it expects a dependency injection container to be used. Once again, they expect any container implementing <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.php-fig.org/psr/psr-11/">PSR-11</a>, so you can use the container of your choice and everything will work.</li>
</ul>
The PHP-FIG still has some work to do in different areas. For those cases in which there&#x27;s no standard recommendation, Zend&#x27;s team has defined a few own interfaces and abstractions Expressive relies on in order to ease decoupling and extendability.
<ul>
<li>Routing: You can pick one of provided implementations or define your own (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://github.com/acelaya/expressive-slim-router">I&#x27;ve done it</a> and it wasn&#x27;t that hard)</li>
<li>Templating: If you need to render templates, expressive has official support for three templating systems, but as in previous case, you can use other engines with a minimal effort. 
However, you are not forced to use a templating system if you don&#x27;t need it, which is great.</li>
<li>Error handling: You shouldn&#x27;t handle errors the same way in production and development environments. Expressive&#x27;s abstractions let you use different approaches, with great integration to use <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://filp.github.io/whoops/">Whoops</a> in development, but you could use something like <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://tracy.nette.org/en/">Tracy</a> too.</li>
</ul>
All of these abstractions are defined in separated packages, so in the future, if the PHP-FIG accepts a PSR for any of these things, Zend Expressive will probably start supporting them and drop these packages&#x27; interfaces as far as possible.
<h3>Expressive&#x27;s extendability</h3>
There are a lot of things a real project needs which have been left out of expressive&#x27;s scope, which is in fact good.
You will probably need some way to handle configuration. Expressive doesn&#x27;t tell you what to use, because usually config is consumed before the request is even dispatched, so there&#x27;s no need for any kind of integration.
You will also need something to connect to a database, or consume external services. Once again, use whatever you want.
If you need to be able to run your app from the command line, expressive and the HTTP layer won&#x27;t even come in place. For that purpose, Zend&#x27;s team recommends using <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://symfony.com/doc/current/components/console.html">symfony/console</a> these days. In fact, there are a few CLI utilities for expressive which have been built with that component, like <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://github.com/zendframework/zend-expressive-tooling">zend-expressive-tooling</a>.
Of course, all of this flexibility is great for experienced developers, but newcomers need a little bit of help to begin with. That&#x27;s why a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://github.com/zendframework/zend-expressive-skeleton">skeleton project</a> was created.
The skeleton is installed using an interactive process which let&#x27;s you choose the different components to be used, and the project approach you want to take.
This wide range focus makes expressive fit any project. Also, despite the fact that it can be considered a microframework, I can tell you it <a href="/2016/07/21/project-scalability-with-zend-expressive/">scales quite well</a>.
<h3>Proof of concept</h3>
Ok, perfect, interoperability runs in expressive veins, but I don&#x27;t want you to just take my word. That&#x27;s why I have built an example project where I use a variety of libraries and components for every task.
In order to build the project, I have used the skeleton mentioned before, and then tweaked it a little bit. You can find it here: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://github.com/acelaya-blog/expressive-interoperability-proof-of-concept">https://github.com/acelaya-blog/expressive-interoperability-proof-of-concept</a>
These are the components I have used:
<ul>
<li>DI Container: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://php-di.org/">PHP-DI</a></li>
<li>Router: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://github.com/acelaya/expressive-slim-router">Slim framework v2</a></li>
<li>Template renderer: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://twig.symfony.com/">Twig</a></li>
<li>HTTP abstraction: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://github.com/guzzle/psr7">Guzzle PSR-7 HTTP message library</a></li>
<li>Error handling: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://filp.github.io/whoops/">Whoops</a></li>
</ul>
The result is that very few of the code is actually from <code>Zend</code>&#x27;s namespace.
The project includes the instructions to run it and see how everything is in fact working. It also includes one option in the menu to see an error page.
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
From my point of view, full-stack and coupled frameworks are something from the past. I like to be free to choose the tools I want to use in a project for every task, and to be able to use the best ones or the ones I like the most.
For me, it makes no sense these days to ask &quot;What PHP framework do you use?&quot;, because thanks to the PHP-FIG and initiatives like Expressive it&#x27;s more and more hard to answer.
Of course, if the full-stack approach is the one that fits you and makes you be more productive, I&#x27;m nobody to say otherwise :-)

I have written a lot of posts about Zend Framework in general and Zend Expressive in particular, but I have noticed that I have never talked about one of the things that, from my point of view, makes Expressive so game-changing, Interoperability. Some context

In the past, PHP frameworks used to be…

Demonstrating the interoperability and decoupling of Zend Expressive

There&#x27;s no doubt that having tests in a project allows you to find potential bugs earlier and more easily.
Lots of OSS projects require a minimum code coverage in order to accept new pull requests from contributors, and proprietary projects also tend to have some sort of continuous integration workflow which requires certain metrics to be fulfilled in order to get builds passing.
However, the code coverage can lead to a false sense of security, which makes you think that if certain class has a 100% code coverage, it is also 100% bug-free.
This is not always true, since you could be calling a method and yet not being properly testing its output or its real behavior. The code coverage will mark it as covered, but you might introduce a bug and still have a green test.
This is where mutation testing comes in.
<h3>Mutation testing</h3>
According to <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation_testing">wikipedia</a>, mutation testing involves applying small modifications to a software. These modifications are called mutations.
Then, if you pass your tests and any of them fails because of this &quot;mutation&quot;, then you have &quot;killed the mutant&quot;. This is what should happen in code which is covered by tests. If tests keep passing after applying this modification, then your tests covering that part of the project are not so good, and you should improve them to really test what they are covering.
So in other words, mutation testing is a quality assurance practice for your tests.
In PHP projects, there used to be one library which purpose was working with the mutation testing approach, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://github.com/humbug/humbug">humbug/humbug</a>. However, it is mostly abandoned now, and it has motivated the appearance of another project, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://infection.github.io/">infection/infection</a>.
<h3>Infection</h3>
Infection is a mutation testing framework for PHP.
It is easy to start using it in your project, since you just need to install it (<code>composer require infection/infection --dev</code>), and create a configuration file. Then, it uses your existing test suite in order to apply mutations to your code and check your tests.
It currently integrates with <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://github.com/sebastianbergmann/phpunit/">phpunit</a> and <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://github.com/phpspec/phpspec">phpspec</a>, but I suppose there will be compatibility with other testing frameworks in the future.
<h4>Configuring infection</h4>
It consumes an <code>infection.json</code> configuration file which could have a structure like this:
<pre class="language-json"><code class="language-json">{
 &quot;source&quot;: {
 &quot;directories&quot;: [
 &quot;module/*/src&quot;
 ]
 },
 &quot;timeout&quot;: 10,
 &quot;logs&quot;: {
 &quot;text&quot;: &quot;build/infection/infection-log.txt&quot;,
 &quot;summary&quot;: &quot;build/infection/summary-log.txt&quot;,
 &quot;debug&quot;: &quot;build/infection/debug-log.txt&quot;
 },
 &quot;tmpDir&quot;: &quot;build/infection/temp&quot;,
 &quot;phpUnit&quot;: {
 &quot;configDir&quot;: &quot;.&quot;
 }
}
</code></pre>
This is the configuration of one of my company&#x27;s projects. A modular application where every module is located inside the <code>module</code> directory and has its own <code>src</code> folder with source files.
This config file basically defines where the sources are located, where infection&#x27;s logs should be placed, a temporary folder which will be used instead of using system&#x27;s default tmp folder, and where is the <code>phpunit.xml[.dist]</code> file.
That&#x27;s all you need to get infection working.
<blockquote>
You can find detailed information of all the configuration options <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://infection.github.io/guide/usage.html#Configuration">here</a>
</blockquote>
<h4>Running infection</h4>
Now that we have the configuration file, we just need to run <code>vendor/bin/infection</code>, and it will execute our test suite and then apply mutations to our source files.
Then it will display the result, telling how many mutants have been killed.
Infection supports lots of mutators, like replacing <code>++</code> by <code>--</code>, <code>true</code> by <code>false</code>, changing method visibilities, return values, etc. You can find the whole list <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://infection.github.io/guide/mutators.html">here</a>.
The command line tool supports a list of modifiers, some of which are very interesting. This is how I would recommend you to run it if you want to address the whole project.
<code>vendor/bin/infection --threads=4 --min-msi=70 --only-covered --log-verbosity=2</code>.
<ul>
<li><code>--threads</code>: It runs tests and mutators in parallel processes, so you can take advantage of all the cores in your machine. Set a value that makes sense your you. If you have 8 cores, maybe you want to set it with value 8.</li>
<li><code>--min-msi</code>: This flag makes the process fail if the number of killed mutants is below certain percentage. In this case we require 70% of mutants to be killed. Adapt the value to your needs, and try to gradually improve your tests and increase this value (MSI stands for Mutation Score Indicator). This flag is really useful in continuous integration environments.</li>
<li><code>--only-covered</code>: This makes infection address only covered code. We know mutants won&#x27;t be killed in uncovered code, so I think it makes no sense to apply mutators there. I prefer to separate the required code coverage metric from the required mutation score indicator metric.</li>
<li><code>--log-verbosity</code>: By default, infection logs all the mutations it has applied to your code. This could lead to a log with thousands of lines if the project is big, so I prefer to set the log verbosity to 2, which makes it log only non-killed mutants.</li>
</ul>
And that&#x27;s mainly it. You can now automate this task in your continuous integration pipeline, or just run it locally, but at least you will discover some parts both in your source files and your tests that can be improved.
<h3>Troubleshooting</h3>
While this could be enough for an introduction to infection, the title of this article says something about big projects, so I&#x27;m going to explain how we integrated infection in one of my company&#x27;s biggest projects and how we addressed some inherent problems.
<h4>Already unstable</h4>
The first problem while working with infection is that, at the moment of writing this article, it&#x27;s not in a stable version yet. That means you could find bugs.
We found one in which infection wasn&#x27;t properly parsing our phpunit config file and it was excluding almost the whole project from the code coverage report. This caused all mutations to be skipped.
We reported it and they fixed it very fast, but they haven&#x27;t tagged a version including the fix yet, so we require one specific commit from master while we wait for v0.8 to be released.
<h4>Time consuming</h4>
Another problem is that infection consumes a lot of memory and CPU, and takes a lot of time to be run when you have a lot of classes and tests.
For example, our project has around 1500 unit tests, which take about 1&#x27;5min-2min to be run. Our build process also passes some coding style checks and functional repository tests. It usually takes about 3 minutes.
The first time we run infection for the whole project, it took more than 16 minutes. That would make a build which is taking 3 minutes to take almost 20 minutes from now on, which is not an option because our build is run a lot of times every day.
Our solution was making the build run infection only on changed sources, taking advantage of infection&#x27;s <code>--filter</code> flag, which lets you pass a comma-separated list of files and it gets applied only to them.
The way in which we find which files have changed from previous build is by making a <code>git diff</code> between a commit from previous successful build and the new commit after updating the branch in which the build is being run (the commit identifiers are defined by jenkins&#x27; GIT plugin as environment variables).
If it is the first time the build is run for this branch, we make the diff with <code>origin/develop</code> instead.
The result is a bash script like this:
<pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash"># Get files which have changed from latest processed commit, including only those inside sources
# If there&#x27;s no previous commit, diff with develop
INFECTION_FILTER=$(git diff ${GIT_PREVIOUS_SUCCESSFUL_COMMIT:-origin/develop} $GIT_COMMIT --name-only | grep /src/ | paste -sd &quot;,&quot; -)

# Check mutations over those files, if any, and require a 70% MSI
if [ -n &quot;$INFECTION_FILTER&quot; ]; then
 vendor/bin/infection --threads=4 --min-msi=70 --only-covered --log-verbosity=2 --filter=&quot;$INFECTION_FILTER&quot;
else
 echo &quot;No source files affected. Infection skipped.&quot;
fi
</code></pre>
As you can see, we perform a diff by including only file names, then we exclude those which do not contain &quot;/src/&quot; as part of the name, and then we convert them into a comma-separated list.
With this approach, the build usually takes 1 extra minute in the worst case scenario, which can be assumed.
However, I&#x27;m sure the performance of this project will be improved as it grows and gets more stable.
<h4>Test run duplication</h4>
While previous approach filters the files where mutations are applied, it is still running all tests beforehand, which makes all tests to be run twice on every build.
<ul>
<li>First, our own execution, which generates a code coverage report to be published later, and makes the build fail if tests do not pass.</li>
<li>Then, infection runs tests again, on its own &quot;conditions&quot; (they take your phpunit config file and generate a new one, which has some custom configuration entries).</li>
</ul>
<strike>If it were possible to pass infection an already generated code coverage, we could prevent this duplication, but, as far as I know, it does not support that.</strike> It does now.
Another solution would be being able to run only tests which affect changed sources, instead of running all tests suites, but phpunit does not allow to filter by a list of files, only a specific file or folder.
<strike>This is the only problem for which we have not yet found a solution, so If you know any workaround, a comment will be very welcome :-)</strike>
Update 2018-02-22
Following what Maks suggested in this <a href="#comment-3762900802">comment</a>, we have changed the process a little bit, and using a more recent commit from <code>dev-master</code>, we can take advantage of a feature which allows an existing code coverage to be passed to infection.
Now, our phpunit execution includes these two flags: <code>--coverage-xml=build/coverage-xml --log-junit=build/phpunit.junit.xml</code>
And then, infection is executed with <code>--coverage=build</code>.
That&#x27;s it, no need to run tests twice anymore :-)
<h4>Xdebug vs phpdbg</h4>
Since infection needs access to a code coverage report, you need some tool which is capable of generating it.
People usually use xdebug, since it is the most extended and feature-rich debugging tool.
However, there&#x27;s a simpler tool, which is designed to debug php console executions only, and comes bundled with php. It is <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://github.com/krakjoe/phpdbg">phpdbg</a>.
In our project, it usually takes 30%-50% less time to generate a code coverage report than xdebug. The result is not 100% the same, but it is very similar, and it&#x27;s worth it.
So, instead of running infection like this:
vendor/bin/infection --threads=4 --min-msi=70 --only-covered --log-verbosity=2 --filter=&quot;$INFECTION_FILTER&quot;
We have to do it like this
phpdbg -qrr vendor/bin/infection --threads=4 --min-msi=70 --only-covered --log-verbosity=2 --filter=&quot;$INFECTION_FILTER&quot;
It is explained in <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://infection.github.io/guide/usage.html#Running-with-phpdbg">infection&#x27;s docs</a>.
We have even started to use it to run our own phpunit execution.
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
We have seen how to use infection, and how to integrate it in a continuous integration pipeline, even for big projects.
I think it is a very useful tool, and the team behind it is doing a great job. It is also not hard to start using it, since you don&#x27;t really need to write new code, just add a config file and run the CLI tool.
Finally, I recommend you to read this article, from infection&#x27;s author. It explains how it internally works, and how to use it in a development workflow <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://medium.com/@maks_rafalko/infection-mutation-testing-framework-c9ccf02eefd1">https://medium.com/@maks_rafalko/infection-mutation-testing-framework-c9ccf02eefd1</a>.

There's no doubt that having tests in a project allows you to find potential bugs earlier and more easily. Lots of OSS projects require a minimum code coverage in order to accept new pull requests from contributors, and proprietary projects also tend to have some sort of continuous integration…

Mutation testing with infection in big PHP projects

A couple hours ago I have released the seventh major version of a module I created more than 4 years ago.
<div></div>
It was born as an abstraction to send emails in Zend Framework 2 applications, but trying to make the process simpler than directly working with the lower-level zend/mail component.
I initially created it to use it in my own project, but at some point decided to publish it as a packagist package to ease others to use it.
The module used to receive more updates in the beginning, but the number of changes decreased with time.
The thing is that there were a lot of things I wanted to do, but never had the time. It goes without saying that 4 years ago I didn&#x27;t have the knowledge I have today (I hope 4 years from now I see my current self the same way), and the package had some design problems that needed to be fixed.
In this post I&#x27;m going to explain the changes that come with this new version, and the reason they were made.
<h3>Stateless services</h3>
Business services have to be, by definition, stateless. In AcMailer, that wasn&#x27;t the case.
I made a mistake when designing the <code>AcMailer\Service\MailService</code> class, and wrapped the <code>Message</code> object to be sent inside of it.
That made the service to depend on the email data. That was a problem, when you wanted to send different emails on the same request, or even send the same email more than once.
It needed a few internal ugly tricks to ensure headers were not duplicated and things like that.
In this version the <code>AcMailer\Service\MailService</code> is stateless. It is just responsible of sending emails, and emails are passed or built at runtime. You can send any number of emails or send them as many times as you want. No side effects.
<h3>Real compatibility with expressive</h3>
The module was already including a <code>ConfigProvider</code> for Zend Expressive, but it was not very functional.
Yes, it was exposing the configuration to expressive apps, but the user was responsible of orchestrating and creating everything.
Also, the module was tightly coupled with zendframework components that are not usually used in expressive, making it harder to integrate.
This release reduces the number of dependencies to the bare minimum, and provides real compatibility with expressive, allowing any of their renderers to be used to render emails, while keeping backward compatibility as much as possible with the way things used to be.
<h3>Emails can be preconfigured</h3>
As I&#x27;ve mentioned above, emails are no longer part of the service.
Now, emails can be preconfigured with a name, the same way services are. Then, you can use any of the service instances to send them by just referencing to them by their name.
A new service, the <code>EmailBuilder</code>, will create those emails and let the mail service send them.
It is also possible to extend emails to reuse parts that are equal, the same way it is possible with mail services.
<h3>Code quality improved</h3>
As I&#x27;ve said, I want to think my programming skills have been improved in the last four years.
I was seeing a lot of parts of the code with the knowledge that they weren&#x27;t fulfilling best coding practices, like clean code or object calisthenics, and that the cyclomatic complexity was high.
I have refactored a lot of parts of the code, and the result is much better now. The code is cleaner and easier to maintain. No more <code>if/else</code> all over the place.
I have also forced a stricter coding standard that extends PSR-2.
<h3>Tests rewritten</h3>
As part of this code quality improvement, I have rewritten almost all unit tests.
They are simpler now, and make use of data providers, which has reduced code duplication, and phpspec/prophecy, which allowed me to drop all custom mocks (I used to build my own mocks and stubs).
The number of tests has been reduced, and they are now faster to run.
<h3>Goodbye PHP 5</h3>
I have added support for PHP 7.2, and dropped support for PHP 5. The code now has stricter type hints and is more predictable.
<h3>Meaningful exceptions</h3>
I have included more package exceptions. They are now better used, and the semantics are clearer.
Also, exception messages include more information now, and explain how to fix the problem when possible.
<h3>Dropped controller plugin</h3>
I used to include a controller plugin to use with Zend MVC controllers. I have completely removed it in this version.
I want to promote constructor dependency injection, and controller plugins allow to pseudo-magically access external services, so I have decided to remove it.
Also, controllers are not probably the best place to send emails.
And finally, it made no sense in a zend expressive context, so ultimately I could create a separate package to bring back the controller plugin, but not include it in the main module.
<h3>Upgrading</h3>
Sadly, most of these changes require the introduction of BC breaks. That&#x27;s why this version increases the major version number.
I have tried to properly document how to upgrade to this version, by including an <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://github.com/acelaya/ZF-AcMailer/blob/master/UPGRADE.md#upgrade-from-5x6x-to-7x">UPGRADE.md</a> document.
I have also created a small console tool that currently allows to migrate from the old configuration to the new structure, but will probably include more features in the future. <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://github.com/acelaya/zf-acmailer-tooling">https://github.com/acelaya/zf-acmailer-tooling</a>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
And that&#x27;s probably it.
I have updated the module, improved the code, and made it worthy of modern Expressive and MVC applications.

A couple hours ago I have released the seventh major version of a module I created more than 4 years ago. It was born as an abstraction to send emails in Zend Framework 2 applications, but trying to make the process simpler than directly working with the lower-level zend/mail component.

I…

AcMailer 7.0, the most important release in a long time

At some point, any enterprise project will probably need a message queue.
A message queue is used to publish information (usually known as messages) that a different &quot;node&quot; (usually known as worker) will consume in order to perform a specific action.
It is frequently used in web applications to pass information to background workers that consume the queue and perform long tasks, but it is also an important part when applying concepts like <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://martinfowler.com/eaaDev/EventSourcing.html">Event Sourcing</a> to your architecture.
It is also really important when working with microservices, since it is a way to enable data exchange between each service.
Whatever the case, it is very likely that you will eventually need to decide which message queue to use.
<h3>Why AWS Simple Queue Service</h3>
In my company we had to decide this some time ago.
We started testing different services, seeing what their strengths and weaknesses were.
If I remember correctly, we tested <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.rabbitmq.com/">RabbitMQ</a>, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://kr.github.io/beanstalkd/">Beanstalkd</a>, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://redis.io/">Redis</a> and <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://aws.amazon.com/sqs/">AWS Simple Queue Service</a> (SQS from now on).
The conclusion was that RabbitMQ is the one with the more features, by far. However, it is also the most complicated to configure and interact with.
Also, we would have to maintain the RabbitMQ clusters ourselves (the same happens with Beanstalkd).
Since we work with AWS, we decided to give SQS a try, and its simplicity convinced us.
It is super simple to create a new queue, and using one of their SDKs, you can interact with it in minutes.
Also, the price is absurdly cheap. It is virtually free for &quot;small&quot; amounts of requests (and when I say small, I mean that performing 1 request to their API every 20 seconds during 1 year costs about $0.30 at the end of the year).
It is by far cheaper than maintaining your own instances with a different service, and I&#x27;m not counting the cost in time you will have to invest in maintaining those servers.
<h3>The &quot;small&quot; problem with SQS</h3>
One of the most interesting features with RabbitMQ is that you can open one socket with the queue server, and once a new message gets in, the worker is &quot;notified&quot; and the message can be consumed. This way, you have a process which is always running, listening for a queue, and processing messages as soon as possible.
This is usually the desired behavior. You don&#x27;t want any delay on processing messages (or the delay should be as short as possible).
On the other hand, SQS bills by API request. This means that the worker has to manually check if there&#x27;s any message in the queue, in small intervals.
Our first approach was configuring cron jobs in our workers, so that they could check if there were any message in the queue, and process all of them, if any.
This was problematic, since it applies a delay of up to one minute (you can&#x27;t configure a cron to be run with an interval smaller than that), which is not desirable, particularly when the job takes 5-10 seconds to complete. Adding an extra 600% of waiting time can affect the user experience, or have other side effects, depending on the task.
<h3>The long polling to the rescue</h3>
The first solution that came to our mind was making the workers run requests on an infinite loop, but that&#x27;s not a very clean approach, and will result in our workers being at a 100% of CPU usage all the time.
We started investigating and found out about a feature in SQS called <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSSimpleQueueService/latest/SQSDeveloperGuide/sqs-long-polling.html">long polling</a>. It lets you tell the queue to wait up to 20 seconds before returning a response, if the message queue is empty, and if during that time a new message enters the queue, return a response immediately.
Using it, you can make a worker continuously perform requests at 20 second intervals, but if a message is in the queue, the response will be returned immediately.
The final behavior is very similar to a socket, in which you can process a message as soon as it enters the queue, and the worker does not consume any resource while it is waiting for a response.
<h3>Configure a queue with long polling</h3>
There are two ways of configuring the long polling. You can do it in AWS, and make the queue always have it, or you can do it client-side, and add a <code>WaitTimeSeconds</code> param with the time in seconds (with a maximum value of 20 seconds).
The second option is very easy to implement when using any of the official SDKs, and is more flexible, since you can decide when to wait for a message and when to fail immediately when the queue is empty.
The first one is very easy too. Just set a value for the &quot;Receive Message Wait Time&quot; param, when configuring the queue.
<img src="/assets/img/sqs-socket/receive-message-wait-time.png" alt="SQS Receive Message Wait Time"/>
That should be all, but there&#x27;s one important consideration.
If you have several workers consuming the same queue with long polling and one message enters the queue, all the workers will receive it until one of them deletes it. This is usually problematic, since it could lead to one task being processed more than once.
In order to prevent this, you should set a small value in the &quot;Default Visibility Timeout&quot; param, which tells SQS to deliver the message just to one consumer, and wait that amount of time before delivering it to the rest.
This way, you can make one of the workers receive the message, delete it from the queue, and then process it, and that will prevent other workers from receiving it.
Usually, setting a value of 3-5 seconds should be more than enough for the first worker to remove it from the queue. However, if you expect your workers to need a longer time, just increase the value.
Remember, that value will delay delivering the message to all the workers but the first that gets it.
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
We have seen an efficient way of working with SQS, the most simple, yet powerful message queue.
If you have more complex needs, it might end being too simple, but if not, it is possible to tweak it enough to use it on large applications and services.

At some point, any enterprise project will probably need a message queue. A message queue is used to publish information (usually known as messages) that a different "node" (usually known as worker) will consume in order to perform a specific action.

It is frequently used in web applications to…

How to simulate a socket connection with AWS Simple Queue Service

Lately, I've been digging a lot in different ways of improving software architecture. Mainly subjects…

Alejandro Celaya | Blog

Software development, agile methodologies and open source software.

Demonstrating the interoperability and decoupling of Zend Expressive

Mutation testing with infection in big PHP projects

AcMailer 7.0, the most important release in a long time

How to simulate a socket connection with AWS Simple Queue Service

Properly passing data from outer layers of a PHP application to the use case layer